Using Referents to Understand Contrast
شرح استخدام الكلمات المرجعية لفهم التباين لطلاب البكالوريا المصرية
تُعد مهارة Using Referents to Understand Contrast من المهارات المهمة في Reading Comprehension؛ لأنها تساعد الطالب على فهم العلاقة بين الجمل والأفكار داخل النص.
أحيانًا يقرأ الطالب نصًا ويجد كلمات مثل:
it – they – this – these – those – such
ولا يعرف هذه الكلمات تشير إلى ماذا.
وفي نفس الوقت قد يجد كلمات مثل:
but – however – although – yet – in contrast
وهنا يحتاج الطالب إلى مهارتين معًا:
Understanding Referents + Understanding Contrast
أي:
فهم الكلمات المرجعية + فهم التباين بين الأفكار.
أولًا: ما معنى Referents؟
Referent = المرجع الذي تشير إليه الكلمة
الكلمات المرجعية هي كلمات نستخدمها بدلًا من تكرار الاسم مرة أخرى.
Example:
Ahmed bought a new laptop. He uses it every day.
لدينا:
He = Ahmed
و:
it = a new laptop
إذن:
He and it هما كلمات Referents.
لماذا نستخدم Referents؟
بدلًا من أن نقول:
Ahmed bought a new laptop. Ahmed uses the new laptop every day.
نقول:
Ahmed bought a new laptop. He uses it every day.
وهذا يجعل الكتابة:
Clearer and less repetitive.
أي:
أكثر وضوحًا وأقل تكرارًا.
أشهر الكلمات المرجعية Referents
Personal Pronouns
he = هو
she = هي
it = هو/هي لغير العاقل
they = هم
we = نحن
Object Pronouns
him
her
it
them
Demonstrative Pronouns
this = هذا / هذه
that = ذلك / تلك
these = هؤلاء / هذه
those = هؤلاء / أولئك / تلك
كلمات أخرى
such
one / ones
former / latter
كل هذه الكلمات يمكن أن تساعدنا في الربط بين أجزاء النص.
ما معنى Contrast؟
Contrast = التباين أو الاختلاف بين فكرتين
عندما يقدم الكاتب فكرتين مختلفتين أو متعارضتين، فإنه يستخدم:
Contrast Words
مثل:
but
however
although
yet
while
whereas
on the other hand
in contrast
مثال بسيط على Contrast
Ali likes studying at home, but his brother prefers studying at the library.
لدينا فكرتان مختلفتان:
Ali:
likes studying at home
His brother:
prefers studying at the library
والرابط:
but
إذن لدينا:
Contrast
العلاقة بين Referents وContrast
هنا تأتي المهارة المهمة.
أحيانًا الكاتب يذكر فكرة، ثم يستخدم كلمة مرجعية بدلًا من تكرار الاسم، وبعد ذلك يقدم فكرة متعارضة.
Example:
Online learning is flexible. It allows students to study from home. However, some students find it difficult to stay motivated.
هنا:
It = Online learning
لفهم التباين، يجب أن يعرف الطالب أن:
It allows students to study from home
يتحدث عن:
Online learning
ثم تأتي:
However
لتقديم فكرة مختلفة:
some students find it difficult to stay motivated
إذن العلاقة:
Online learning → Advantage
ولكن:
However → Disadvantage
استراتيجية سهلة للطلاب
عندما تجد كلمة مثل:
it / they / this / these
اسأل:
What does this word refer to?
أي:
الكلمة دي بتشير إلى إيه؟
ثم عندما تجد:
but / however / although
اسأل:
What idea is being contrasted?
أي:
إيه الفكرتين اللي الكاتب بيقارن أو بيعمل بينهم تباين؟
Example 1: It + However
اقرأ:
Social media helps people communicate with others. It also allows users to share information quickly. However, excessive use of it can waste a lot of time.
Step 1: Find the referent
It = Social media
Step 2: Find the contrast word
However
Step 3: Compare the ideas
Positive idea:
Social media helps people communicate.
Negative idea:
Excessive use can waste time.
إذن:
Advantage ↔ Disadvantage
Example 2: They + But
Some students prefer online learning because they can study at their own pace, but others dislike it because they miss face-to-face interaction.
هنا لدينا أكثر من Referent.
They = some students
في:
they can study at their own pace
أما:
it = online learning
في:
others dislike it
ثم:
but
توضح التباين بين مجموعتين من الطلاب.
Group 1:
prefer online learning
Group 2:
dislike online learning
Example 3: This + However
The city has introduced new buses to improve public transport. This has made travelling easier for many people. However, some residents still complain about traffic congestion.
This =
introducing new buses / the new public transport improvement
لاحظ أن:
This
لا تشير دائمًا إلى كلمة واحدة.
أحيانًا تشير إلى:
an action or a whole idea.
ثم:
However
يقدم فكرة معاكسة:
Positive:
Travelling has become easier.
Contrast:
Some residents still complain about traffic.
Example 4: These + But
Many students use digital tools, such as online dictionaries and educational apps. These tools can make learning easier, but they may also distract students.
These tools =
online dictionaries and educational apps
ثم:
but
توضح التباين:
Advantage:
make learning easier
Disadvantage:
distract students
Example 5: This + Yet
The exam was difficult. This did not stop Ahmed from trying his best, yet he was still nervous.
This =
the fact that the exam was difficult
والرابط:
yet
يوضح وجود تباين أو نتيجة غير متوقعة.
أهم Referents مع Contrast
|
Referent |
يشير إلى |
Example |
|
it |
مفرد / فكرة |
Technology is useful. It saves time. |
|
they |
جمع |
Students study hard. They want to succeed. |
|
this |
شيء أو فكرة سابقة |
He missed the bus. This made him late. |
|
these |
جمع |
Books are useful. These help students learn. |
|
such |
شيء من النوع المذكور |
Some students face problems such as these. |
|
one |
مفرد تم ذكره سابقًا |
I need a new book, so I bought one. |
Using Referents with BUT
اقرأ:
The school has introduced new technology. It has improved the learning experience, but some teachers find it difficult to use.
It =
New technology
ثم لدينا:
but
First idea:
Technology has improved learning.
Second idea:
Some teachers find it difficult to use.
إذن:
Benefit ↔ Challenge
Using Referents with HOWEVER
Example:
Many people use electric cars because they produce less pollution. These vehicles, however, can be expensive.
These vehicles =
electric cars
However =
تباين.
إذن:
Advantage:
produce less pollution
Disadvantage:
can be expensive
Using Referents with ALTHOUGH
Although online learning is flexible, some students find it challenging because they miss direct interaction.
هنا:
it = online learning
في المعنى، رغم أن:
Online learning is flexible
فإن:
some students find it challenging
إذن:
Positive feature ↔ Negative result
Using Referents with WHILE
Some students enjoy studying online because it gives them more freedom, while others prefer traditional classrooms because they offer direct interaction.
it =
online learning
they =
traditional classrooms
والرابط:
while
يوضح التباين بين:
Online learning:
more freedom
و:
Traditional classrooms:
direct interaction
مثال شامل من Reading Comprehension
اقرأ النص:
Technology has changed the way students learn. It gives them access to a large amount of information, and these resources can make learning more flexible. However, some students may become too dependent on technology. They may also become distracted by social media and other online activities.
دعونا نحلل النص.
Referent 1
It
تشير إلى:
Technology
Referent 2
these resources
تشير إلى:
a large amount of information / technological resources
Referent 3
They
تشير إلى:
some students
Contrast Word
However
الفكرة الأولى
Technology gives students access to information.
إيجابية.
الفكرة الثانية
Some students may become too dependent on technology.
سلبية.
إذن:
Advantage ↔ Disadvantage
خطوات الحل في الامتحان
عندما تجد سؤالًا مثل:
What does the word "it" refer to?
اتبع الخطوات التالية:
Step 1: Go back
ارجع للجملة السابقة.
Step 2: Look for nouns
ابحث عن الأسماء التي ظهرت قبل الكلمة.
Step 3: Check meaning
اسأل:
Does this noun make sense here?
هل الاسم مناسب في المعنى؟
Step 4: Check singular or plural
لو الكلمة:
it
غالبًا تشير إلى:
Singular noun or idea.
لو:
they / these
غالبًا تشير إلى:
Plural noun.
Example
The company introduced a new program. It was designed to help students.
ما معنى:
It
الإجابة:
The new program
لأن:
It = singular
والمعنى:
The new program was designed to help students.
منطقي.
مثال على They
Students use online resources because they provide useful information.
هنا يجب الانتباه.
من الممكن أن يبدو أن:
they = students
لكن المعنى يقول:
provide useful information
الذي يوفر المعلومات هو:
online resources
إذن:
they = online resources
وهنا تظهر أهمية:
Meaning, not only position.
أي:
المعنى، وليس مجرد أقرب كلمة.
أهم خطأ يقع فيه الطلاب
الطالب أحيانًا يعتقد أن الـReferent هو:
The nearest noun
وهذا ليس صحيحًا دائمًا.
Example:
Ahmed spoke to his teachers about the new project, and they supported it.
هنا:
they = his teachers
وليس:
the new project
لأن:
supported
تحتاج أشخاصًا أو جهة تستطيع تقديم الدعم.
إذن يجب الاعتماد على:
Grammar + Meaning
Referents تساعدنا على فهم Contrast
انظر إلى المثال:
The new app is easy to use. This makes it popular, but some users complain that it does not have enough features.
This =
The fact that the app is easy to use
it =
The new app
Contrast:
Easy to use and popular
BUT
Does not have enough features
إذن:
Positive point ↔ Negative point
طريقة سهلة للشرح داخل الفصل
ارسم للطلاب:
REFERENT → ORIGINAL WORD
ثم:
IDEA 1 ↔ CONTRAST WORD ↔ IDEA 2
مثال:
Online learning → It
ثم:
Flexible ↔ BUT ↔ Less interaction
وبالتالي:
Online Learning
↓
It
↓
Flexible
↓
BUT
↓
Less interaction
هذا يساعد الطالب على رؤية العلاقة بصريًا.
تدريب للطلاب
Exercise 1
اقرأ:
The school introduced a new library. It contains thousands of books, but some students do not use it regularly.
Question 1:
What does it refer to?
Answer:
The new library.
Question 2:
What is the contrast?
The library contains many books, but some students do not use it regularly.
Exercise 2
Many people prefer electric cars because they produce less pollution. However, these vehicles are still expensive.
they =
electric cars
these vehicles =
electric cars
Contrast:
Less pollution ↔ Expensive
Exercise 3
Online courses give students more flexibility. This is useful for people who have busy schedules. However, some learners find them less interactive.
This =
The flexibility provided by online courses.
them =
online courses
Contrast:
More flexibility ↔ Less interaction
تدريب: اختر المرجع الصحيح
1.
Mona bought a new phone. She uses it every day.
She = Mona
it = the new phone
2.
Students often use online dictionaries. These tools help them understand new words.
These tools = online dictionaries
3.
The city built several new parks. They have become popular, but some of them need more maintenance.
They = the new parks
them = the new parks
استراتيجية ذهبية للطلاب
اكتب لهم:
R + C = Better Understanding
R = Referent
حدد الكلمة الأصلية التي تشير إليها.
C = Contrast
حدد الفكرتين المتعارضتين.
ثم اسأل:
Who or what does this word refer to?
وبعدها:
What two ideas are being contrasted?
ملخص الدرس
عندما تجد:
it – they – this – these – those
لا تتجاهلها.
اسأل:
What does it refer to?
وعندما تجد:
but – however – although – yet – while – whereas
اسأل:
What ideas are being contrasted?
ثم اربط الاثنين معًا.
Example:
Technology is useful. It makes learning easier. However, some students become distracted by it.
Referents:
It = Technology
it = Technology
Contrast:
Makes learning easier
VS
Can distract students
وهكذا يستطيع الطالب فهم العلاقة الكاملة داخل النص.
الخلاصة
مهارة Using Referents to Understand Contrast تساعد طلاب البكالوريا المصرية على فهم النصوص بصورة أعمق، لأنها تجعلهم قادرين على:
· تحديد معنى الكلمات المرجعية.
· ربط الضمائر والأسماء بالأفكار السابقة.
· فهم العلاقات بين الجمل.
· تحديد الأفكار المتعارضة.
· الإجابة عن أسئلة Reading Comprehension بدقة أكبر.
وتذكر القاعدة:
Find the Referent → Find the Contrast Word → Compare the Two Ideas
أي:
حدد المرجع → حدد أداة التباين → قارن بين الفكرتين.
تعليقات
إرسال تعليق