Making Inference in English
شرح مهارة الاستنتاج مع أمثلة كثيرة
تُعد مهارة Making Inference من أهم مهارات Reading Comprehension لطلاب مستوى B2، لأنها لا تعتمد فقط على فهم الكلمات المكتوبة، بل تتطلب من الطالب أن يقرأ ما بين السطور ويستخدم الأدلة الموجودة في النص للوصول إلى معنى أو نتيجة غير مذكورة بشكل مباشر.
بمعنى بسيط:
Making an inference means understanding something that is not directly stated.
أي:
الاستنتاج يعني فهم شيء لم يتم ذكره بشكل مباشر في النص.
ما معنى Making Inference؟
عندما يكتب الكاتب:
Ahmed entered the house, dropped his bag, and immediately went to bed without eating dinner.
الكاتب لم يقل:
Ahmed was tired.
لكن من خلال الأحداث، يمكننا أن نستنتج:
Ahmed was probably very tired.
هذا يسمى:
Inference
لأننا استخدمنا:
Clues from the text + Our knowledge
للوصول إلى استنتاج.
القاعدة الأساسية
يمكن للطلاب تذكر المعادلة التالية:
Text Clues + Background Knowledge = Inference
أي:
أدلة من النص + المعرفة السابقة = استنتاج
Example 1
اقرأ:
Mona looked outside and quickly took an umbrella before leaving the house.
النص لم يقل:
It was raining.
لكن يمكننا الاستنتاج:
It was probably raining, or she expected rain.
لماذا؟
لأن الدليل هو:
She took an umbrella.
Example 2
When Omar saw the results, he smiled and immediately called his parents.
النص لم يقل:
Omar was happy.
لكن يمكننا أن نستنتج:
Omar was probably happy with his results.
الدليل:
He smiled and called his parents.
Example 3
The streets were wet, and people were carrying umbrellas.
الاستنتاج:
It had probably rained.
الدليل:
- wet streets
- umbrellas
Making Inference vs Finding Information
يجب أن يعرف الطالب الفرق بين:
Direct Information
و:
Inference
Direct Information
Ali went to school at 8 a.m.
السؤال:
What time did Ali go to school?
الإجابة موجودة مباشرة:
At 8 a.m.
Inference
Ali arrived at school at 8 a.m., but the classrooms were already full of students.
يمكن أن نستنتج:
Ali was probably late.
الكاتب لم يقل:
Ali was late.
لكننا فهمنا ذلك من السياق.
أهم سؤال يجب أن يسأله الطالب
عندما يقرأ النص، يسأل:
What does the text suggest?
ماذا يوحي النص؟
أو:
What can we conclude?
إلى ماذا يمكن أن نصل من استنتاج؟
أو:
What is probably true?
ما الذي من المحتمل أن يكون صحيحًا؟
كلمات في الأسئلة تشير إلى Inference
إذا وجدت في السؤال:
What can we infer...?
What can be concluded...?
What does the writer suggest...?
What does this imply...?
What is probably true...?
What can the reader understand...?
فهنا أنت تحتاج إلى:
Inference
وليس مجرد البحث عن إجابة مكتوبة حرفيًا.
خطوات Making Inference
Step 1: Read Carefully
اقرأ الجملة أو الجزء المطلوب.
Step 2: Find the Clues
حدد الأدلة الموجودة في النص.
Step 3: Connect the Clues
اربط الأدلة ببعضها.
Step 4: Use Your Knowledge
استخدم المعرفة المنطقية.
Step 5: Make a Logical Conclusion
اكتب استنتاجًا منطقيًا.
Example 4: Feelings
Sara kept looking at the clock and checking her phone. She had been waiting for over an hour.
الاستنتاج:
Sara was probably impatient or worried.
الدليل:
- looking at the clock
- checking her phone
- waiting for over an hour
Example 5: Place
The room was dark, and the only sound came from the projector at the front. Everyone was sitting quietly and looking at a large screen.
Where are they?
يمكن أن نستنتج:
They are probably in a cinema or a presentation room.
Example 6: Relationship
Adam bought a small gift and carefully wrote a card that said, “Thank you for always being there for me.”
يمكن أن نستنتج:
The person is important to Adam.
ربما:
- a close friend
- a family member
- someone who helped him
لكن لا يمكننا الجزم بمن هو الشخص بالضبط.
وهذه نقطة مهمة جدًا.
الاستنتاج يجب أن يكون منطقيًا
لا يجوز أن نخترع معلومات غير موجودة.
Example:
Mona was wearing a coat and gloves.
استنتاج منطقي:
The weather was probably cold.
لكن لا يمكن أن نقول:
❌
Mona was travelling to London.
لأنه لا يوجد دليل على ذلك.
Strong Inference vs Weak Inference
Strong Inference
The ground was covered in snow, and the temperature was below zero.
استنتاج قوي:
The weather was extremely cold.
Weak Inference
نفس النص:
The ground was covered in snow, and the temperature was below zero.
ثم نقول:
The people in the town do not like winter.
لا يوجد دليل كافٍ.
إذن هذا:
Weak Inference ❌
Making Inference About Feelings
من أكثر الأسئلة شيوعًا.
اقرأ:
When Lina heard her name, she suddenly became silent and looked down at the floor.
كيف كانت تشعر؟
يمكن أن نستنتج:
She was probably nervous or embarrassed.
لأن:
- became silent
- looked down
Example 2
Karim jumped up and down when he received the message.
الاستنتاج:
He was very excited or happy.
Example 3
Nour avoided looking at her teacher after the teacher asked about the missing homework.
الاستنتاج:
Nour probably had not done her homework.
Making Inference About Cause and Effect
أحيانًا يجب أن نستنتج السبب.
Example:
The roads were empty, and most shops were closed.
ماذا يمكن أن نستنتج؟
Something unusual may have happened, or it may have been a public holiday.
لكن يجب اختيار الإجابة التي يدعمها النص أكثر إذا كانت هناك اختيارات.
Example
The school was closed, the streets were quiet, and people were staying at home because of the heavy snow.
الاستنتاج:
The weather had disrupted normal activities.
Making Inference About Character
في بعض النصوص، الكاتب لا يقول:
Ahmed is a kind person.
لكنه يكتب:
Ahmed noticed that an elderly man was carrying several heavy bags, so he offered to help him.
يمكن أن نستنتج:
Ahmed is helpful and kind.
Example آخر
Although she had very little free time, Salma regularly volunteered at a local charity.
الاستنتاج:
Salma is caring and committed.
Making Inference About the Writer's Opinion
اقرأ:
The new park has transformed an empty area into a safe and attractive place for families.
هل الكاتب يرى المشروع إيجابيًا أم سلبيًا؟
يمكن أن نستنتج:
The writer has a positive opinion about the new park.
الدليل:
- safe
- attractive
- transformed
Example: Negative Opinion
The new system has created unnecessary delays and made a simple process more complicated.
الاستنتاج:
The writer has a negative opinion about the new system.
Making Inference from Dialogue
الحوار يحتوي على أدلة كثيرة.
Example:
“Are you sure you want to go out without an umbrella?” my mother asked.
يمكن أن نستنتج:
It was probably raining, or it looked like it was going to rain.
Example آخر
“Don't worry. I'll send you the notes from today's lesson,” Sara said.
يمكن أن نستنتج:
The other person was absent from the lesson.
Making Inference from Actions
Example:
He opened the window and turned on the fan.
الاستنتاج:
The room was probably hot.
Example:
She put her phone on silent before entering the room.
الاستنتاج:
She was probably entering a place where noise would be inappropriate, such as a meeting, lesson, or presentation.
Making Inference Using Vocabulary
أحيانًا تساعد الكلمات على فهم معنى غير مباشر.
Example:
Although the restaurant looked simple from the outside, the food was exceptional.
يمكن أن نستنتج:
The writer was pleasantly surprised by the quality of the food.
الدليل:
Although
و:
exceptional
Making Inference with Contrast
Example:
Although he had never spoken in public before, Omar volunteered to give the presentation.
يمكن أن نستنتج:
Omar was brave or willing to take risks.
الدليل:
- never spoken in public
- volunteered
وهنا التباين يساعدنا على الاستنتاج.
Making Inference in Longer Texts
اقرأ النص:
When Hany arrived at the station, the platform was almost empty. He checked his ticket several times and looked at the departure board. After a few minutes, he sighed and sat down on a bench.
ماذا يمكن أن نستنتج؟
Hany was probably waiting for a train, and it may have been delayed.
الأدلة:
- station
- ticket
- departure board
- sighed
- sat down and waited
Important: Do Not Over-Infer
هذه نقطة مهمة جدًا لطلاب B2.
Text:
Ahmed was carrying a suitcase at the airport.
يمكن أن نستنتج:
Ahmed was probably travelling.
لكن لا يمكن أن نقول:
❌
Ahmed was travelling to Paris for a holiday.
لأن:
- Paris غير مذكورة.
- Holiday غير مذكورة.
إذن:
Good inference = Supported by evidence.
Strategy for Multiple-Choice Questions
إذا كان السؤال:
What can we infer from the text?
اتبع هذه الخطوات:
1. Read all options.
2. Go back to the text.
3. Find evidence for each option.
4. Eliminate unsupported answers.
5. Choose the answer that is:
Most strongly supported by the text.
وليس:
The most interesting answer.
Example: Multiple Choice
اقرأ:
Youssef checked the weather forecast before leaving home and packed both a jacket and an umbrella.
What can we infer?
A. Youssef was going to school.
B. The weather might change.
C. Youssef does not like sunny weather.
D. Youssef lost his umbrella.
الإجابة:
B. The weather might change.
لأن:
jacket + umbrella
يعطيان دليلًا على احتمال تغير الجو.
Making Inference vs Prediction
هناك فرق مهم.
Inference
استنتاج عن شيء غير مذكور بشكل مباشر بناءً على أدلة موجودة.
Example:
The streets are wet.
Inference:
It probably rained.
نتحدث عن شيء حدث بالفعل.
Prediction
توقع لما قد يحدث في المستقبل.
Example:
The sky is dark, and the wind is getting stronger.
Prediction:
It will probably rain soon.
Making Inference in B2 Writing
يمكن للطالب استخدام الاستنتاج في الكتابة التحليلية.
بدلًا من:
The number of people using public transport increased.
يمكن أن يضيف:
This suggests that people may be becoming more aware of environmental issues.
لاحظ التعبير:
This suggests that...
وهو مفيد جدًا لمستوى B2.
Useful B2 Expressions for Making Inference
يمكن للطلاب استخدام:
This suggests that...
This may indicate that...
It is likely that...
It seems that...
We can infer that...
This implies that...
It is possible that...
Examples:
The results suggest that students need more practice.
This may indicate that the project was successful.
It is likely that the company will continue to grow.
We can infer that the character was feeling nervous.
تدريب للطلاب
Exercise 1: Make an Inference
1.
Mariam was wearing a thick coat, scarf, and gloves.
Inference:
The weather was probably cold.
2.
The lights were off, and there was no one in the office.
Inference:
The office was probably closed or empty.
3.
Ahmed kept checking his watch and walking around the room.
Inference:
Ahmed was probably impatient or worried.
4.
The teacher smiled and congratulated Salma on her work.
Inference:
Salma had probably done a good job.
5.
After reading the email, Khaled immediately booked a flight.
Inference:
The email probably contained important travel-related information.
Exercise 2: What Does This Suggest?
Text 1:
The restaurant was full, and people were waiting outside for a table.
What can we infer?
The restaurant was probably popular.
Text 2:
Although the test was difficult, almost all the students finished it early.
What can we infer?
The students were probably well prepared.
Text 3:
Mona deleted her message before sending it and wrote a new one several times.
What can we infer?
Mona was probably being careful about what she wanted to say.
Text 4:
The child covered his ears when the fireworks started.
What can we infer?
The child found the noise too loud or uncomfortable.
تمرين متقدم لطلاب B2
اقرأ النص:
Although Sami had prepared carefully for the interview, he arrived ten minutes late. He looked at his phone repeatedly while waiting outside the office and spoke very quietly when the interviewer called his name.
ماذا يمكن أن نستنتج؟
يمكن أن نقول:
Sami was probably nervous about the interview.
Evidence:
- looked at his phone repeatedly
- spoke very quietly
لكن لا يمكننا أن نقول:
Sami failed the interview.
لأن النص لم يقدم دليلًا على النتيجة.
طريقة سهلة للطلاب
يمكنك تعليم الطلاب هذه المعادلة:
C + K = I
C = Clues
الأدلة الموجودة في النص.
K = Knowledge
المعرفة أو الخبرة السابقة.
I = Inference
الاستنتاج.
Example:
Clue:
She was carrying an umbrella.
Knowledge:
نستخدم المظلة للحماية من المطر.
Inference:
It was probably raining.
الخلاصة
مهارة Making Inference تعني أن الطالب لا يقرأ الكلمات فقط، بل يحاول فهم:
What the writer does not say directly.
وتذكر القاعدة الأساسية:
Text Clues + Background Knowledge = Logical Inference
وعند الإجابة عن سؤال استنتاج، يجب أن تكون الإجابة:
- منطقية.
- مدعومة بأدلة من النص.
- غير مبالغ فيها.
- لا تضيف معلومات غير موجودة.
وأفضل سؤال يسأله الطالب لنفسه هو:
What do the clues tell me?
ثم:
What can I logically conclude?
تعليقات
إرسال تعليق