Identifying the Author’s Purpose, Audience, and Tone
شرح مهارة تحديد هدف الكاتب والجمهور ونبرة النص لطلاب B2
تُعد مهارة Identifying the Author’s Purpose, Audience, and Tone من أهم مهارات Reading Comprehension لطلاب مستوى B2؛ لأنها تساعد الطالب على فهم النص بشكل أعمق، وليس فقط البحث عن المعلومات الموجودة فيه.
عندما يقرأ الطالب أي نص، يجب ألا يسأل فقط:
What does the text say?
ماذا يقول النص؟
بل يسأل أيضًا:
Why did the author write it?
لماذا كتب الكاتب النص؟
Who is the author writing for?
لمن يكتب الكاتب؟
How does the author feel about the
topic?
ما موقف الكاتب أو شعوره تجاه
الموضوع؟
وهنا نصل إلى ثلاثة عناصر أساسية:
Purpose + Audience + Tone
أولًا: What Is the Author’s Purpose?
ما هو هدف الكاتب؟
Author's Purpose يعني:
The reason why the author wrote the text.
أي:
السبب أو الهدف الذي جعل الكاتب يكتب النص.
فالكاتب لا يكتب بشكل عشوائي؛ فقد يكتب لكي:
- Inform → يقدم معلومات.
- Persuade → يقنع القارئ.
- Entertain → يرفه عن القارئ.
- Explain → يشرح فكرة أو عملية.
- Advise → يقدم نصيحة.
- Warn → يحذر القارئ.
- Describe → يصف شخصًا أو مكانًا أو موقفًا.
1. Inform – تقديم المعلومات
إذا كان الكاتب يريد أن يقدم:
Facts, information, or knowledge
فإن هدفه غالبًا:
To inform
Example:
The human brain contains billions of neurons that communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals.
ما هدف الكاتب؟
To inform the reader about the human brain.
لماذا؟
لأن النص يقدم:
- facts
- information
- explanations
ولا يحاول إقناعنا برأي معين.
Example 2
The school library opens at 8 a.m. and closes at 4 p.m. Students can borrow up to three books at a time.
Author's Purpose:
To inform students about the library rules and opening hours.
2. Persuade – الإقناع
إذا كان الكاتب يحاول أن يجعل القارئ:
Agree with an opinion
أو:
Take an action
فالهدف غالبًا:
To persuade
Example:
Schools should provide students with more opportunities to participate in sports because regular exercise improves both physical and mental health.
Author's Purpose:
To persuade schools to provide more sports opportunities.
لاحظ:
should
هذه من الكلمات التي يمكن أن تساعدنا على اكتشاف الرأي أو محاولة الإقناع.
Example 2
Everyone should reduce their use of plastic bags. Small changes in our daily habits can make a significant difference to the environment.
الهدف:
To persuade people to reduce plastic use.
3. Entertain – الترفيه
عندما يكتب الكاتب:
- قصة.
- موقفًا طريفًا.
- مغامرة.
- قصة خيالية.
فالهدف غالبًا:
To entertain
Example:
As soon as I opened the door, the dog jumped onto the table and knocked over the birthday cake. Everyone started laughing.
Author's Purpose:
To entertain the reader.
4. Explain – الشرح
أحيانًا يريد الكاتب شرح:
How something works or happens.
Example:
First, the water is heated until it reaches its boiling point. It then changes from a liquid into a gas called water vapour.
Author's Purpose:
To explain how water changes into vapour.
5. Advise – تقديم النصيحة
Example:
If you want to improve your English, try to read for at least twenty minutes every day and keep a notebook for new vocabulary.
Author's Purpose:
To give advice about improving English.
6. Warn – التحذير
Example:
Drivers should be especially careful during heavy rain because wet roads can become extremely dangerous.
Author's Purpose:
To warn drivers about the dangers of driving in heavy rain.
ثانيًا: What Is the Audience?
من هو الـAudience؟
Audience يعني:
The person or group of people the author is writing or speaking to.
أي:
الجمهور أو الأشخاص الذين يوجه الكاتب النص إليهم.
قد يكون الجمهور:
- Students
- Parents
- Teachers
- Teenagers
- Tourists
- Scientists
- Customers
- Employees
- General public
كيف نحدد الـAudience؟
اسأل نفسك:
Who would most likely read this text?
أي:
من الشخص الذي من المحتمل أن يقرأ هذا النص؟
وانظر إلى:
Vocabulary
هل الكلمات:
technical?
أم:
simple?
Information
هل المعلومات موجهة إلى:
experts?
أم:
general readers?
Tone
هل اللغة:
formal?
أم:
informal?
Example 1: Students
Students should review their notes regularly instead of waiting until the night before an exam.
Audience:
Students
لماذا؟
لأن النص يتحدث مباشرة عن:
students
ويقدم لهم نصيحة.
Example 2: Parents
Parents can help their children develop better study habits by creating a quiet environment at home.
Audience:
Parents
Example 3: Tourists
Visitors to the museum are advised to arrive at least thirty minutes before their scheduled tour.
Audience:
Visitors / Tourists
Example 4: Scientists
The researchers analysed the data using a statistical model to determine whether the results were significant.
Audience:
Scientists / Researchers
لماذا؟
بسبب:
technical vocabulary
مثل:
statistical model
data
significant
Example 5: General Public
Recycling paper, glass, and plastic can help reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills.
Audience:
The general public
لأن النص يستخدم لغة بسيطة ومعلومة عامة.
ثالثًا: What Is Tone?
ما معنى Tone؟
Tone تعني:
The author's attitude or feeling toward the topic or subject.
أي:
موقف الكاتب أو شعوره تجاه الموضوع.
يمكن أن يكون الكاتب:
- Positive
- Negative
- Neutral
- Serious
- Humorous
- Critical
- Concerned
- Optimistic
- Pessimistic
- Formal
- Informal
- Angry
- Excited
- Sympathetic
Positive Tone
الكاتب يستخدم كلمات تحمل معنى إيجابي.
Example:
The new school library is a wonderful addition to the community. It provides students with a comfortable and inspiring place to study.
Tone:
Positive / Enthusiastic
الكلمات:
wonderful
comfortable
inspiring
تعطي شعورًا إيجابيًا.
Negative Tone
Example:
The new system has created unnecessary delays and made the process far more complicated than it needs to be.
Tone:
Negative / Critical
الكلمات:
unnecessary
delays
complicated
Neutral Tone
Example:
The meeting began at 10 a.m. and lasted for approximately two hours.
Tone:
Neutral
لأن الكاتب يقدم معلومات بدون مشاعر واضحة.
Critical Tone
Example:
Although the company claims that the new policy will improve productivity, it has actually created additional problems for employees.
Tone:
Critical
الكاتب يشكك في فائدة السياسة الجديدة.
Concerned Tone
Example:
If this problem continues, many young people may struggle to find suitable employment in the future.
Tone:
Concerned
الكاتب يشعر بالقلق بشأن المستقبل.
Optimistic Tone
Example:
With the right support and opportunities, young people can develop the skills they need to build a successful future.
Tone:
Optimistic
الكاتب لديه نظرة إيجابية للمستقبل.
Humorous Tone
Example:
I tried to cook dinner for the first time, but somehow I managed to burn the food, the pan, and possibly my confidence.
Tone:
Humorous
الكاتب يستخدم المبالغة والطريقة الكوميدية.
Serious Tone
Example:
Climate change is a major challenge that requires immediate and coordinated action.
Tone:
Serious
Formal vs Informal Tone
Formal Tone
يستخدم في:
- Academic essays
- Reports
- Formal letters
- Articles
Example:
The findings indicate that regular exercise can have a positive effect on students' academic performance.
Tone:
Formal
Informal Tone
يستخدم في:
- Emails to friends
- Conversations
- Personal messages
Example:
You should definitely try this place. The food is amazing!
Tone:
Informal / Friendly
الفرق بين Purpose وAudience وTone
هذه نقطة مهمة جدًا لطلاب B2.
|
Skill |
السؤال |
|
Purpose |
Why did the author write it? |
|
Audience |
Who is the author writing for? |
|
Tone |
How does the author feel? |
احفظها بهذه الطريقة:
Purpose = Why?
Audience = Who?
Tone = How?
مثال شامل
اقرأ النص:
Parents should encourage their children to read for at least twenty minutes every day. Regular reading can improve vocabulary, concentration, and general knowledge. By creating a quiet reading routine at home, parents can help their children develop a valuable lifelong habit.
Author's Purpose
To persuade parents to encourage their children to read.
Audience
Parents
Tone
Positive and encouraging
مثال شامل 2
The city council has introduced a new recycling programme. Residents can place paper, plastic, and glass in the special recycling containers located throughout the city. The programme will begin next month.
Purpose:
To inform residents about the new recycling programme.
Audience:
Residents
Tone:
Neutral / Informative
مثال شامل 3
The new transport system was supposed to make travelling easier. Unfortunately, commuters now face longer waiting times and frequent delays. The authorities need to take immediate action if they want to restore public confidence.
Purpose:
To criticise the new transport system and encourage the authorities to take action.
Audience:
General public / Authorities
Tone:
Critical and concerned
كيف أعرف Tone من النص؟
لا تعتمد على إحساسك فقط.
ابحث عن:
1. Strong adjectives
مثل:
excellent
terrible
wonderful
disappointing
ridiculous
2. Strong verbs
مثل:
criticise
praise
complain
warn
3. Modal verbs
مثل:
should
must
need to
قد تشير إلى أن الكاتب يحاول التأثير على القارئ.
4. Positive and Negative Words
Positive:
beneficial
effective
successful
valuable
impressive
Negative:
harmful
disappointing
ineffective
dangerous
unnecessary
انتبه: Tone ليس دائمًا واضحًا من كلمة واحدة
Example:
The plan sounds promising, but unfortunately, it has failed to produce any meaningful results.
قد ترى:
promising
وهي كلمة إيجابية.
لكن:
unfortunately
و:
failed
يجعلان النبرة النهائية:
Critical / Disappointed
إذن يجب أن تقرأ السياق كله.
Author's Purpose: سؤال مهم
إذا جاء في الامتحان:
What is the author's main purpose?
لا تختار الإجابة التي تتحدث عن:
موضوع النص فقط.
Example:
النص يتحدث عن:
Social media.
لكن الهدف قد يكون:
To warn teenagers about the negative effects of excessive social media use.
إذن:
Topic ≠ Purpose
Topic vs Purpose
Topic:
Social media
Purpose:
To explain how excessive social media use affects teenagers.
أو:
To persuade teenagers to reduce their screen time.
نفس الـTopic، لكن الـPurpose مختلف.
Audience vs Topic
لا تفترض أن الجمهور هو الأشخاص المذكورون في النص.
Example:
Parents should monitor how much time their children spend online.
Topic:
Social media / screen time
Audience:
Parents
وليس الأطفال.
تدريب B2
Question 1
اقرأ:
Regular exercise can improve your physical health, reduce stress, and help you sleep better. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity each week.
What is the author's purpose?
A. To entertain readers
B. To inform readers about the benefits of exercise
C. To criticise athletes
D. To tell a personal story
Answer: B
Question 2
Students should avoid using their phones during lessons because constant notifications can make it difficult to concentrate.
Audience?
A. Doctors
B. Students
C. Tourists
D. Scientists
Answer: B
Purpose?
To persuade students to avoid using phones during lessons.
Tone?
Advisory / Concerned
Question 3
The restaurant claims to offer “the best food in town,” but my experience was completely different. The service was slow, the food was cold, and the prices were unreasonable.
Tone?
A. Positive
B. Humorous
C. Critical
D. Neutral
Answer: C — Critical
Question 4
Scientists have recently developed a new method for detecting the disease at an earlier stage. The method is currently being tested in several hospitals.
Purpose?
To inform readers about a new medical development.
Tone?
Formal / Informative
Audience?
General readers or people interested in medical developments.
استراتيجية سريعة للامتحان
علّم طلابك استراتيجية:
P-A-T
P = Purpose
Why?
لماذا كتب الكاتب؟
A = Audience
Who?
لمن كتب؟
T = Tone
How?
كيف يعبر الكاتب عن موقفه؟
مثال نهائي باستخدام P-A-T
النص:
Schools should provide more opportunities for students to participate in sports. Regular physical activity improves health, reduces stress, and can help students concentrate better in class.
P – Purpose
To persuade schools to provide more sports opportunities.
A – Audience
School administrators / educators
T – Tone
Persuasive and positive
أهم نصيحة لطلاب B2
عندما يأتي سؤال عن:
Author's Purpose
لا تبحث عن جملة واحدة فقط؛ اسأل:
What does the author want me to know, believe, feel, or do?
إذا كان يريدني:
to know → Inform
to believe → Persuade
to feel → Entertain / Emotional effect
to do → Persuade / Advise / Warn
الخلاصة
عند قراءة أي نص في مستوى B2، حاول أن تحدد ثلاثة أشياء:
1. Purpose – الهدف
Why did the author write the text?
2. Audience – الجمهور
Who is the text written for?
3. Tone – النبرة
What is the author's attitude toward the topic?
واحفظ هذه القاعدة:
Purpose = WHY
Audience = WHO
Tone = HOW
وبمجرد أن يتدرب الطالب على هذه الأسئلة الثلاثة، سيصبح قادرًا على فهم النصوص بشكل أعمق، والإجابة عن أسئلة Reading Comprehension التي تعتمد على Author's Purpose, Audience and Tone بثقة أكبر.
تعليقات
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